CM2 – Economic Modelling
Build Expertise in Financial Engineering, Derivatives and Actuarial Risk Modelling
CM2 – Economic Modelling is one of the Core Principles subjects in the actuarial qualification pathway offered by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA), UK, and the Institute of Actuaries of India (IAI).
The subject focuses on applying mathematical, statistical and stochastic modelling techniques to understand financial markets, value derivatives, assess investment risks and estimate insurance liabilities.
CM2 combines financial economics, option pricing, asset valuation and general insurance reserving techniques. It develops the analytical and practical skills required to understand uncertainty, evaluate financial risks and apply actuarial models to real-world financial and insurance problems.
Course Structure & Syllabus
CM2 combines theoretical financial modelling with practical actuarial applications using Microsoft Excel.
Key Topics Covered:
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Financial Economics & Economic Theory:
Utility theory, investor behaviour, rational expectations, market efficiency and fundamental principles of financial decision-making.
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Investment Risk & Portfolio Theory:
Risk and return analysis, portfolio diversification, mean-variance portfolio theory, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and investment risk measurement.
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Stochastic Models & Asset Valuation:
Random walks, Brownian motion, stochastic processes, asset price models and financial market modelling.
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Financial Derivatives:
Forward contracts, futures, options, swaps, derivative payoffs and financial hedging strategies.
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Option Pricing & Risk-Neutral Valuation:
Binomial models, Black-Scholes-Merton model, arbitrage-free pricing, risk-neutral probabilities and option Greeks.
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General Insurance Reserving:
Claims development triangles, run-off analysis, chain ladder techniques, Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and estimation of outstanding claims liabilities.
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Simulation & Actuarial Modelling:
Monte Carlo simulation, stochastic modelling, financial risk assessment and practical applications using Microsoft Excel.
The CM2 syllabus focuses on financial valuation, stochastic modelling, derivative pricing, insurance reserving and quantitative risk management, developing essential analytical skills for actuarial and financial applications.
Syllabus Topics & Weightages
The CM2 syllabus comprises five principal areas, with the following indicative weightages under the IFoA curriculum:
| Topic |
Weightage |
| Rational Economic Theory |
10% |
| Measures of Investment Risk |
10% |
| Asset Valuations |
30% |
| Liability Valuations |
20% |
| Option Theory |
30% |
| Total |
100% |
These weightages indicate the approximate syllabus coverage. Actual question distribution may vary between examination sittings.
Examination Structure
CM2 consists of two compulsory components: CM2A (Theory) and CM2B (Practical).
Both papers must be attempted during the same examination sitting.
| Particulars |
IAI (India) |
IFoA (UK) |
| Paper A – Theory |
Objective + Descriptive |
Descriptive |
| Paper A Duration |
3 Hours 15 Minutes |
3 Hours 20 Minutes |
| Paper A Weightage |
70% |
70% |
| Paper B – Practical |
Excel-Based |
Excel-Based |
| Paper B Duration |
1 Hour 45 Minutes |
1 Hour 50 Minutes |
| Paper B Weightage |
30% |
30% |
| Examination Mode |
Centre-Based Online |
In-Person at Exam Centres or Remotely Invigilated Online |
Important Examination Guidelines
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Paper A: Evaluates theoretical concepts, numerical calculations, financial models and actuarial problem-solving. IAI includes objective and descriptive questions, while IFoA follows a descriptive examination format.
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Paper B: Tests the practical application of financial and actuarial modelling techniques using Microsoft Excel.
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Combined Assessment: Paper A contributes 70% and Paper B contributes 30% towards the final examination score.
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IFoA Examination Mode: Students can indicate their preference to appear at an authorised examination centre or remotely through online invigilation. Final allocation is subject to availability and IFoA examination guidelines.
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IAI Examination Mode: Examinations are conducted online at designated examination centres in accordance with IAI’s examination arrangements.
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Examination Requirements: Students must comply with their respective institute’s guidelines regarding permitted calculators, actuarial tables, software and examination conduct.
Passing Criteria
The passing requirements differ between IAI and IFoA.
| Institute |
Passing Requirements |
| IAI (India) |
Minimum 30% in each paper and 50% aggregate |
| IFoA (UK) |
Combined weighted marks must meet the pass mark determined for the examination sitting |
Important Information:
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Both Paper A and Paper B must be attempted in the same examination session.
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IAI requires candidates to meet the minimum marks in each paper and the overall aggregate requirement.
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IFoA determines the passing mark for each examination sitting and does not prescribe a separate minimum passing mark for each paper.
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Candidates who do not clear CM2 must attempt both components again in a subsequent examination sitting.
Eligibility Criteria
CM2 is a Core Principles examination suitable for students developing their knowledge of financial mathematics and actuarial modelling.
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Students can pursue CM2 through the IAI or IFoA examination pathway, subject to the respective institute’s eligibility and registration requirements.
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A strong foundation in mathematics, probability, statistics and financial concepts is recommended.
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Prior knowledge of CM1 concepts is beneficial, particularly interest theory and financial mathematics.
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Under the IFoA pathway, students are not required to pass CM1 or any other actuarial examination before attempting CM2.
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Students must satisfy the applicable membership, registration and examination entry requirements of their selected actuarial institute.
Learning Objectives
Studying CM2 develops the ability to:
- Understand financial markets and economic modelling principles.
- Apply stochastic processes to financial asset valuation.
- Evaluate investment risk and portfolio performance.
- Price financial derivatives using appropriate valuation models.
- Apply risk-neutral valuation and hedging techniques.
- Estimate general insurance claim reserves.
- Use simulation and Excel-based modelling techniques.
- Develop quantitative risk assessment and financial decision-making skills.
Practical Applications of CM2
The knowledge gained in CM2 is applicable across several actuarial and financial disciplines:
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General Insurance: Estimating outstanding claim reserves, analysing claims development patterns and evaluating insurance liabilities.
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Investment Banking: Pricing financial derivatives, analysing investment products and developing hedging strategies.
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Risk Management: Measuring financial market risk, modelling uncertainty and evaluating risk exposures.
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Portfolio Management: Analysing investment risk, portfolio diversification and asset valuation.
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Financial Engineering: Applying stochastic models, simulation techniques and mathematical valuation methods to financial products.
CM2 establishes essential knowledge in financial economics, stochastic modelling and insurance reserving, supporting advanced actuarial subjects such as CP1, CP2, SP5, SP6 and SP7.
Technical Requirements – AEI Learning Application
To access online classes, recorded lectures and digital study resources, students must ensure their devices meet the following minimum technical requirements of the Actuators Educational Institute (AEI) Learning Application.
| Device / Platform |
Minimum Requirement |
| Android |
Android 9.0 or above |
| Windows PC / Laptop |
Windows 10 or above |
| iPhone / iPad (iOS) |
iOS 12.0 or above |
| MacBook / iMac (macOS) |
Apple M1 chip or above with macOS 14 or later |